In Vivo Imaging of Individual Retinal Ganglion Cells in Glaucoma

Summary

Vision loss in glaucoma is due to the death of a type of nerve cell in the eye that is nearly transparent and that has proven very difficult to image. We recently devised a way to see these cells in the living eye. Our project will improve this tool and develop a new one that we will use to look at these cells for the first time in people with glaucoma. This will allow us to see the earliest changes to these cells, track how they change over time, and monitor their response to treatments.

Project Details

Our goal is to understand the earliest changes to the individual cells that form the optic nerve, the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), in patients with glaucoma. To accomplish this goal, we are developing new optical systems and imaging techniques to see these cells and track them over time in the living eye. Current clinical tools lack both the resolution and the contrast needed to see these cells in the living eye. The way the eye works is that light must pass through the RGCs to reach the photoreceptors, ie, the rod and cone cells that sense light. To allow that, RGCs are nearly transparent, making them very difficult to image.  We use a technology called adaptive optics that corrects the imperfections present in all eyes to achieve high-resolution images, and couple this with advanced methods for detecting the small amount of light that emerges from the eye to see these cells. 

We are using these new tools to image the structural features of individual cells, such as the cell body and the axons of the cells, which are long fibers that extend from each neuron, together forming the optic nerve that transmits visual information to the brain. Although we know that vision loss in glaucoma is due to the death of RGCs, it is not clear what the earliest changes are that these cells undergo prior to death. Once these cells are lost we currently have no way to restore them. If we can detect the earliest changes to RGCs in glaucoma, before vision is impaired, we can provide early diagnosis and a long window of opportunity for treatments to prevent vision loss.